Cirugía coronaria exclusiva con dos mamarias en "Y": resultados a corto plazo / Myocardial revascularization using both mammary arteries "in Y": short term results

La cirugía de revascularización mio-cárdica (CRM) exclusiva con arterias mamarias internas en Y (BIMA-Y) podría ofrecer los mejores injertos en términos de durabilidad y menores tasas de eventos adversos en el largo plazo. Objetivo: Analizar los resultados a corto plazo de esta técnica quirúrgica en un hospital universitario chileno. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de los pacientes intervenidos de CRM con técnica de BIMA-Y entre diciembre 2010 a mayo 2014. Se incluyeron 67 pacientes, 59 hombres, con edad media 58,6±8,5 años. Cinco (5) tenían enfermedad de dos vasos y 62 de 3 vasos. El EuroSCORE aditivo fue 2.3 y el logístico 2,18%. Todas las cirugías se realizaron por esternotomía media con circulación extracorpórea. Ambas arterias mamarias internas se disecaron usando técnica esqueletizada. La arteria mamaria interna derecha (RIMA) se seccionó y anastomosó con la arteria mamaria interna izquierda (LIMA). La pared anterior se revascularizó con LIMA y las paredes lateral e inferior con RIMA. El seguimiento se extendió hasta Junio del 2015. Resultados: Se efectuaron 3,8 anastomosis/paciente: 109 LIMA (67 a arteria descendente anterior, 37 a una arteria diagonal y 5 para otros objetivos) y 145 RIMA (64 a una primera arteria marginal, 23 a una segunda marginal y 58 a descendente posterior). La revascularización fue completa en todos los casos Hubo 1 infarto perioperatorio, 6 fibrilaciones auriculares, 1 neumonía, 1 dehiscencia esternal y 5 infecciones superficiales. No hubo mortalidad operatoria ni reoperaciones por sangrado. El seguimiento medio fue 39,3±12,1 meses. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron y hubo 2 reintervenciones. Conclusiones: La técnica BIMA-Y permitió una revascularización completa con una baja tasa de complicaciones y efectos adversos en el corto plazo.

Myocardial revascularization with both mammary arteries in "Y" (Y-BIMA) might lead to longer graft duration and better clinical results. Aim: To analyze short term results of Y-BIMA in a series of patients operated on at a Chilean university hospital. Methods: Patients operated on using Y-BI-MA between December 2010 and May 2014 were analyzed. There were 67 patients (59 males) aged 58.6± 2.3 years old. Five patients had 2 vessel di-sease and 62 patients 3 vessel disease. The additi-ve Euroscore was 2.3 % and the logistic score was 2.18%. All operations were performed through a medial sternotomy using extracorporeal circulation. Both mammary arteries were dissected and skeleto-nized. The RIMA was divided and anastomosed to the LIMA. The anterior myocardial was revascularized through the LIMA while the lateral and inferior walls were revascularized through the RIMA. Results: An average 3.8 anastomosis per patient were performed: 67 LIMA to the LAD, 37 to the diagonal artery, and 5 to other targets (total 109 LIMA); RIMA was used in 145 arteries: 64 to a first marginal, 23 to a second marginal and 58 to a posterior descending artery. Revascularization was complete in all cases. One patient had a postoperative myocardial infarction, 6 developed atrial fibrillation, 1 a pneumonia, 1 a sternal dehiscence and 5 had superficial infections. There was no surgical mortality nor reoperations for bleeding. Patients were followed an average of 39.2±12.1 months. Four patients died and 2 were reoperated on during follow up.

Cirugía coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea con puentes arteriales múltiples en pacientes diabéticos: resultados tempranos y alejados / Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery with Multiple Arterial Grafts in Diabetic Patients: Short and Long-term Results

Introducción La diabetes mellitus se ha identificado como un fuerte predictor independiente de iniciación y progresión de la enfermedad cardiovascular y se ha reconocido como un factor de riesgo de mortalidad luego de la cirugía coronaria. La cirugía de revascularización miocárdica sin circulación extracorpórea se ha establecido como una alternativa eficaz de revascularización coronaria comparable a la técnica convencional, con resultados que muestran una disminución en la morbilidad del procedimiento y, en pacientes de riesgo alto, una mortalidad posoperatoria menor. Objetivos Comparar los resultados posoperatorios tempranos y alejados de pacientes con y sin diabetes mellitus luego de cirugía de revascularización miocárdica sin circulación extracorpórea con puentes arteriales múltiples y determinar si la hiperglucemia posoperatoria es un predictor independiente de morbimortalidad temprana. Material y métodos Entre enero de 2004 y diciembre de 2008 se efectuó cirugía de revascularización miocárdica sin circulación extracorpórea con puentes arteriales múltiples en 1.002 pacientes en forma consecutiva. La población se dividió en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (n = 234) y sin diabetes mellitus (n = 768). Se efectuó un análisis de las complicaciones posoperatorias y se identificaron predictores independientes de mortalidad hospitalaria. El seguimiento promedio fue de 1.038 ± 517 días y fue completo en el 95,7%. Resultados Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus presentaron mayor incidencia de bajo gasto cardíaco (p = 0,005), fibrilación auricular (p = 0,005) e infección esternal profunda (p = 0,005). Fueron predictores de mortalidad hospitalaria la edad (OR = 1,11), la cirugía no electiva (OR = 5,88) y la glucemia posoperatoria > 200 mg/dl (OR = 6,9). Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tuvieron menor sobrevida alejada a los 5 años (p = 0,01). Fueron predictores de menor sobrevida alejada la diabetes mellitus (HR = 2,1), la edad (HR = 1,06), la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo 1,6 mg/dl (HR = 2,46). Conclusiones Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tuvieron igual mortalidad hospitalaria que los no diabéticos. La presencia de hiperglucemia posoperatoria fue un predictor de mayor mortalidad hospitalaria. La diabetes mellitus y la creatinina > 1,6 mg/dl fueron predictores independientes de menor sobrevida alejada.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus has been identified as a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular disease onset and progression and acknowledged as a mortality risk factor after coronary artery surgery. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting has been established as an efficient alternative for coronary revascularization comparable to the conventional technique, with results evidencing a reduction in procedure morbidity and, in high risk patients, lower postoperative mortality. Objective The aims of this study were to compare short and long-term postoperative results of off-pump coronary artery revascularization surgerywith multiple arterial grafts in patients with or without diabetes mellitus and to determine if postoperative hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of early morbidity and mortality. Methods Off-pump coronary artery revascularization surgery with multiple arterial grafts was consecutively performed on 1002 patients between January 2004 and December 2008. The population was divided in diabetes mellitus (n: 234) and non-diabetes mellitus (n: 768) patients. Post-operative complications were analyzed and independent predictors of in-hospital mortality were identified. The average follow-up period of 1038 ± 517 days was completed by 95.7% of patients. Results Diabetes mellitus patients had lower cardiac output (p = 0.005), atrial fibrillation (p = 0.005) and deep sternal wound infection (p = 0.005). Age (OR = 1.11), non-elective surgery (OR = 5.88) and blood glucose level > 200 mg/dL (OR= 6.9) were significant predictors of in-hospital mortality. Five-year survival was lower in diabetes mellitus patients (p = 0.01). Diabetes mellitus (HR = 2.1), age (HR = 1.06), left ventricular ejection fraction 1.6 mg/dL (HR = 2.46) were significant predictors of decreased long-term survival. Conclusions Diabetes mellitus and non-diabetes mellitus patients had similar in-hospital mortality rates. Postoperative hyperglycemia was a predictor of greater in-hospital mortality. Diabetes mellitus and creatinine > 1.6 mg/dL were independent predictors of decreased long-term survival.

Predictors of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Insertion in Coronary Surgery and Mid-Term Results

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the preoperative, operative, and postoperative factors affecting intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) insertion in patients undergoing isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). We also investigated factors affecting morbidity, mortality, and survival in patients with IABP support. METHODS: Between January 2002 and December 2009, 1,657 patients underwent isolated CABG in Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital. The number of patients requiring support with IABP was 134 (8.1%). RESULTS: In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time and prolonged operation time were independent predictive factors of IABP insertion. The postoperative mortality rate was 35.8% and 1% in patients with and without IABP support, respectively (p=0.000). Postoperative renal insufficiency, prolonged ventilatory support, and postoperative atrial fibrillation were independent predictive factors of postoperative mortality in patients with IABP support. The mean follow-up time was 38.55+/-22.70 months and 48.78+/-25.20 months in patients with and without IABP support, respectively. The follow-up mortality rate was 3% (n=4) and 5.3% (n=78) in patients with and without IABP support, respectively. CONCLUSION: The patients with IABP support had a higher postoperative mortality rate and a longer length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. The mid-term survival was good for patients surviving the early postoperative period.

Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on propofol pharmacokinetics and bispectral index during coronary surgery

PURPOSE: Cardiopulmonary bypass is known to alter propofol pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of these alterations on postoperative pharmacodynamics. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that changes in propofol pharmacokinetics increase hypnotic effects after cardiopulmonary bypass. METHODS: Twenty patients scheduled for on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (group, n=10) or off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (group, n=10) coronary artery bypass grafts were anesthetized with sufentanil and a propofol target controlled infusion (2.0 µg/mL). Depth of hypnosis was monitored using the bispectral index. Blood samples were collected from the induction of anesthesia up to 12 hours after the end of propofol infusion, at predetermined intervals. Plasma propofol concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by a non-compartmental propofol pharmacokinetic analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: After cardiopulmonary bypass, despite similar plasma propofol concentrations in both groups, bispectral index values were lower in the on-pump coronary artery bypass graft group. Time to extubation after the end of propofol infusion was greater in the on-pump coronary artery bypass graft group (334 ± 117 vs. 216 ± 85 min, p = 0.04). Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass had shorter biological (1.82 ± 0.5 vs. 3.67 ± 1.15h, p < 0.01) and terminal elimination (6.27 ± 1.29 vs. 10.5h ± 2.18, p < 0.01) half-life values, as well as higher total plasma clearance (28.36 ± 11.40 vs.18.29 ± 7.67 mL/kg/min, p = 0.03), compared to patients in the off-pump coronary artery bypass graft group. CONCLUSION: Aside from the increased sensitivity of the brain to anesthetics after cardiopulmonary bypass, changes in propofol pharmacokinetics may contribute to its central nervous system effects.